ย 

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืจืง ืœืคืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช)

 

1. ื›ืœืœื™
2. ื”ืชืงื ื” 
3. ืžืกืš ืจืืฉื™ -ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื
4.  ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜
5. ืžืกื›ื•ืช
6. ืงืœื™ืค ืืจื˜
7. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ืคื™ื
8. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื
9. ื”ื–ืžื ื”
10.ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

 

ืžืกืš ืจืืฉื™ -ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื

 

ื‘ืžืกืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื“ืคื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืฃ, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืงืขื™ื ืœื“ืคื™ื,
ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช, ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืื• ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช , ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงืœื™ืค ืืจื˜ ืœื“ืคื™ื, ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื , ื”ื•ืกืคืช/ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื“ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื.
ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœืฉื‘ืฅ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื•ืœืžืงื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช "ื–ื•ื"
ืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื.

ื”ืžืกืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื. ืžืฉื˜ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžืจื›ื–) โ€“ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืจื’ืข ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื.
ื‘. ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื™ืžื™ืŸ) โ€“ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืขืจื™ื›ื”.
ื’. ื”ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื (ืœืžื˜ื”) โ€“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื.
ื“. ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช (ืฉืžืืœ) โ€“ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืฆื• ืื• ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื
ื”. ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื (ืœืžืขืœื”) - ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ : ื—ื“ืฉ, ืคืชื—, ื”ื–ืžืŸ. 

ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื

ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื :

  • ื—ื“ืฉ - ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืืฉืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ.

  • ืคืชื— - ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืžืกืš ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืคืชื•ื—, ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืืœื‘ื•ื.

  • ื”ื–ืžืŸ - ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืืฉืฃ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื.

  • ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื - ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.

  • ืืชืจ - ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.

  • ืขื–ืจื” - ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืขื–ืจื”.

ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ืชืžื•ื ื”

ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื :

  • ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช

  • ื”ืกืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช

  • ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืžืืœ

  • ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ

  • ืืฉืฃ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ : ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

 

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืกืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืฉืœืฉืช ื”"ืกืคืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื" (splitters - ืจืื” ืื™ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”)  ืขื“ ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

 

ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”"ืกืคืœื™ื˜ืจ" ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืชืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืกืจื’ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”"ืกืคืœื™ื˜ืจ"
ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืชืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”"ืกืคืœื™ื˜ืจ" ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืชืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืชืฆื™ื’ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ืกืชืจ.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื

ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ (ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช).
ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืืœ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืกืš.
ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ (ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืกื•ืฃ) ืžืขืœ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ืคื™ื.

 

ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช (90 ืžืขืœื•ืช)

ืื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘-90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ 'ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ื”' .ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืฃ ื•ืื– ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ("ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ื”") ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ("ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืžืืœื”").
ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื.

ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช

ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื“ืฃ. ืื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ
ื”ืกืžืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืžืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ืœืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ืขืฉื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“. ืื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืžืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืžืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืจื™ืง ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ.

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื”). ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆืช ืชืจืื” ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.

 

ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืชื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช 'ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช' ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื
'ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื' ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช 'ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื 'ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื' ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” (ืื• ืชื—ืชืš ืคื—ื•ืช).
ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ื’ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ 'ื”ืชืื ื’ื•ื“ืœ' ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืชื—ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื.
ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“,
ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš- ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื ืชืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ 'ื—ืชื•ืš ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ'.
ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืชื™ื—ืชืš ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื’ืจื™ืจืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืขื“ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.
ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™.

 

ืื–ื”ืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช:
ืœืขืชื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื” (ื“ื’ืœ ืฆื”ื•ื‘) ื›ืชื•ื ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืชื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื”.
ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืขืœื (ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช) ืื• ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” (ืื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื).

 

ืื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืขืœื ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.

 

ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ื•ืžืกืคืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื“ืฃ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™.
ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื“ืฃ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ 'ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” โ€“ ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ืฃ' ื•ืื– ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘:
ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื”, ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื“ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืจืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ (ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ). ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืงื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื›ืกื” ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื’ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ Shift ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™ืจื”.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช 'ืกื•ื‘ื‘' | 'ืงืฆืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”' (ืื• 'ืงืฆืช ืฉืžืืœื”').

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืชืžื•ื ื” , ื”ืงืœืง ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฆืŸ ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช  ื”ื™ืคื•ืš  | 'ืื•ืคืงื™ืช' (ืื• 'ืื ื›ื™ืช').

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช (ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื) ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืฃ:

ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช: ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืื– (ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืงืฉ Ctrl) ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜ 'ื™ื™ืฉืจ' (ืœืฉืžืืœ, ืœืืžืฆืข, ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืžืจื›ื–, ืœืžื˜ื”).

ื”ืชืืžืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช: ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืื– (ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืงืฉ Ctrl) ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜ 'ื”ืชืื ื’ื•ื“ืœ' (ืจื•ื—ื‘, ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”).

ื”ืฆืžื“ื”/ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช: ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜ 'ืจื•ื•ื—' (ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืจื•ื•ื— ืื•ืคืงื™, ื”ืกืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ืื•ืคืงื™, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืจื•ื•ื— ืื ื›ื™, ื”ืกืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ืื ื›ื™).

ืžืจื›ื•ื– ื‘ื“ืฃ: ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” (ืื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช) ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื–, ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜ 'ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื“ืฃ' (ืื•ืคืงื™ืช,ืื ื›ื™ืช,ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ).

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜ 'ืกื“ืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื' (ื”ืฆื’ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื’ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื”, ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื”).

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื”ื”ื–ื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ 'ืขืจื™ื›ื” | ื‘ื˜ืœ' ืžื”ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื™. ืžื—ื™ืงืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ Delete.

ืฉื•ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืงื• ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ (ืจืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžื˜ื”): ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืงื• ื™ื—ืชืš ืื• ื™ืงื•ืคืœ (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™). ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืœื ืœืžืงื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื 'ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื' (ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืื• ื˜ืงืกื˜) ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”.

 

 

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